<div dir="ltr"><div>Didn't know David's email also went to dprg list, so I'm posting part of an offline conversation I had with David in response to his email, because I think good points are made all the way round. Read from the bottom up. <br></div><div><br></div><div>(I haven't figured out how to get gmail to play nicely with dprglist - tips welcomed.)</div><div><br></div><div>===================<br></div><div>From dpa</div><div><br></div><div>Hi Paul,</div>
<br>
Thanks for the reply. I think that perhaps part of the reality is
that I have developed a subsumption based reactive navigation method
that I believe is fairly unique --- the only other people I've
encountered that do the same have learned it from me. <br>
<br>
As a consequence, people use the phrases "behavior base" and
"reactive" to describe what in their minds are simple wall followers
and so forth. They don't envision a navigating subsumptive robot
because they have never encountered such and can't themselves
conceive of it. It took me quite a while to realize that I have
actually, as has been told to me, taken subsumption to a "different
level."<br>
<br>
So I've found that there are folks all over the globe that have
adopted my methods, just not in the DPRG. A prophet in his own
land... ;)<br>
<br><p>cheers!</p>
<p>David</p>
<p>===================</p><p>From Paul<br>
</p>
<br>
On 10/24/21 1:15 PM, Paul Bouchier wrote:<br>
<div><span style="white-space:pre-wrap;display:block;width:98vw">>
> */[EXTERNAL SENDER]/*
>
> Hi David - thank you for your email. I always appreciate your
> thoughtful discussion, and you challenge me to think critically. My
> responses below are my invention of reasoning for the choices the
> system architects made - they never explained to me the rationale for
> the decisions they made.
>
> You make good points throughout your email. However, what really
> triggered my "desert driving" analogy was observing the end pose of
> the robot after avoiding the obstacle - it was cocked at 20 degrees
> to the straight line path between start and finish. And similarly,
> when it turned the corner into the long hallway it swung wide (since
> it didn't stop) then proceeded to hug the wall that was closer to the
> end goal. Those would not be considered good road-driving behaviors -
> highway vehicles should as far as possible remain centered in their
> lane, aligned with the lane direction, and should return quickly to
> that pose after an obstacle avoidance maneuver. They should negotiate
> bends or corners at a speed appropriate to the curvature of the
> bend.
>
> At a higher level, I think good and safe driving in lanes benefits
> from some amount of look-ahead. A global plan provides the
> look-ahead, and the local planner reacts to local obstacles. If
> Chris' office wasn't so filled with obstacles, we should have seen
> the local planner direct his robot back to the globally planned path,
> from where it could continue to execute the global plan. A global
> plan for highway driving should keep a vehicle centered in a lane. As
> a safety feature, the drive-by-wire subsystem of the trucks consumed
> the waypoints, and would decelerate appropriately to bring the
> vehicle to a halt at the end of a series of waypoints. This not only
> provided smooth stopping at the end of a mission, but if the path
> generator crashed (e.g. computer died), the drive-by-wire subsystem
> would smoothly bring the vehicle to a halt at the end of whatever
> length of path it had been given, no matter the curvature or
> irregularity of the road. Thus a shorter local path means the vehicle
> would drive less distance without obstacle sensors and avoidance
> planning. Also, the presence of many waypoints around a curve means
> the drive-by-wire subsystem can calculate an appropriate speed to
> avoid roll-over while cornering, and slow down prior to arriving at
> the turn.
>
> Subsumption (in the simple implementation used by robots) by contrast
> is purely reactive, so doesn't have the look-ahead that would keep it
> cornering correctly if higher-levels failed, or keep it on a good
> global plan, well centered in a lane. You can hypothesize all kinds
> of fixes, maybe more waypoints, but in the end I think you'd end up
> creating some kind of look-ahead. You can argue that the hallway is
> like a lane, but the robot doesn't attempt to do "good lane driving"
> in it, and would require much more intelligence and perhaps global
> maps to do so. IOW your subsumption implementation doesn't need
> hundreds of waypoints because it doesn't try to drive well in lanes,
> or protect against failure of higher-level systems. The trucks could
> probably have used fewer, subject to the "driving without obstacle
> avoidance" tradeoff in case of failure, but waypoints are cheap, and
> dropping them every meter or so is easy.
>
> Maybe your point is that "limited to driving in a desert" is too
> constraining an analogy, because the robot clearly can drive in a
> lane, albeit not in a way that you would call "good driving" if
> performed on a highway. Karim put it best when he said waypoint paths
> attract the vehicle to them, and thereby keep it on a global path
> which has hopefully been planned well, vs. pure reactive steering
> driven by obstacle avoidance.
>
> There was actually a "road following" mode of the army trucks, in
> which they used lidar and camera data to know where a road went, and
> generated a path down the road. This provided all the advantages of
> look-ahead, while not requiring a global plan - it just followed the
> road - the road was the global plan. (It didn't work very well, but
> that's a whole different story.)
>
> In convoying mode, the army trucks used all the sensors to try to
> keep a speed-dependent distance between the follower and its leader:
> GPS from both vehicles, lidar & radar ranging, and UWB ranging. It
> also used those sensors to generate hte follower path - it didn't
> just blindly follow waypoints dropped by the leader - rather, the
> leader's waypoints were part of what fed into follower path planning.
> This made follower path generation more robust in the face of radio
> dropouts, GPS jumps, etc.
>
> Thanks for providing motivation to think about how that system
> worked
>
> Paul
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